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第12章
1．Rhea Talley Stewart, Fire in Afghanistan, 188.
2．Sana Haroon, Frontier of Faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan Borderland (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 117–119.
3．Rhea Talley Stewart, Fire in Afghanistan, 346.
4．Khalili, Yawd-dasht hai Ustad Kahlili, 55–59.
5．Rhea Talley Stewart, Fire in Afghanistan, 378.
6．Ibid., 377–379, 403–405.
第13章
1．Rhea Talley Stewart, Fire in Afghanistan, 416–417. Also see Saqao’s “own” accounts of his exploits in his supposed autobiography: Habibullah Kalakani, My Life from Brigand to King (London: Octagon Press, 1990), 54–59, 66–68, 71–82.
2．For a discussion of Saqao’s image, see Ludwig Adamec, “The Two Faces of Habibullah Kalakani,” Afghanistan Studies Journal 2 (1990–1991): 85–90.
3．Rhea Talley Stewart, Fire in Afghanistan, 425–426, 435–437. Saqao’s autobiography gives an amusingly different account of this episode. Kalakani, Brigand to King, 115–116, 118–120.
4．Rhea Talley Stewart, Fire in Afghanistan, 480. These stories were still being told when I was growing up in Kabul twenty-five years later. The poet Khalili’s memoir gives a far more admiring picture of Bacha (59–60, 71–82), as does his biography of Amir Habibullah Kalakani.
5．Khalili, Yawd-dasht hai Ustad Kahlili, 71–73. Rhea Talley Stewart, Fire in Afghanistan, 438.
6．Kalakani, Brigand to King, 158–180.
7．M. H. Anwar, Memories of Afghanistan (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2004), 127–129.
第14章
1．Anwar, Memories of Afghanistan, 131–132.
2．Ghobar, Afghanistan in the Course of History, vol. 2, 96–97.
3．Khaled Siddiq Charkhi recounts the destruction of the Charkhi elders and the subsequent fate of surviving family members in From My Memories: Memoirs of Political Imprisonment from Childhood in Afghanistan (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2010). See 1–37.
4．Ghobar, Afghanistan in the Course of History, vol. 2, 68.
5．Anwar, Memories of Afghanistan, 200–201, 212–215, 228, 225–226, 262–277.
6．Ghobar, Afghanistan in the Course of History, vol. 2, 151–161.
7．Amin Saikal, Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival (New York: I. B. Taurus, 2004), 114–115.
第15章
1．Dupree, Afghanistan, 510.
2．When Mao Tse-tung invented the term “Third World,” he meant to label the Soviet Union and the United States together the “first world,” the developed second-tier powers such as France and Germany the “second world,” and all the undeveloped countries, including China, the third world. In common usage, First World came to mean the Capitalist West, Second World the Soviet-led Communist countries, and Third World everybody else. The exact meaning of the terms has remained ambiguous.
3．Dimensions from Dupree, Afghanistan, 483.
4．Ibid., 513–522.
第16章
1．I remember hearing these speeches without understanding them when I was a little boy growing up in Kabul.
2．Dupree, Afghanistan, 546–548.
第17章
1．Dupree, Afghanistan 549.
2．From private conversations with Nasser Hosseini, former ambassador to France, Mazar Ansary, and others.
3．Dupree, Afghanistan, 501.
第18章
1．Raja Anwar, The Tragedy of Afghanistan: A First-Hand Account (London: Verso, 1988), 45.
2．Bashir Sakhawerz, author of the novel The Snake Charmer, described these events to me in July 2011; so did Ghulam Ebadi, author of an unpublished memoir, “In Quest of Khalil,” which I was editing when he unexpectedly passed away.
3．Anwar, Tragedy of Afghanistan, 39–45.
4．Mentioned by Khaled Hosseini, who heard it from his father’s associates in the government.
第19章
1．Conversation with Ghaffar Lakanwall, former minister of agriculture in the Karmal government, August 16, 2005.
2．Ibid.
3．Kabul Times, page 1, August 9, 1979.
4．Conversation with Idrees Ahmad Rahmani, June 17, 2011.
5．Anwar, Tragedy of Afghanistan, 129, cites a 1978–1979 survey that claims 2.5 million Afghans—one out of every six—were nomadic or seminomadic at that time.
6．Fred Halliday, “The War and Revolution in Afghanistan,” New Left Review, no. 119 (January–February, 1980): 31.
7．Anwar, Tragedy of Afghanistan, 179–180.
8．My cousin Farid, who was studying in New York at the same time as Amin, recollects Amin’s fruitless but sincere attempt to recruit him into the Afghan Communist Party.
9．Kakar, among others, gives the twenty-five thousand figure in his book Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982. Anwar, Tragedy of Afghanistan, 156–157, gives the eight hundred number.
